Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), an indispensable water-soluble polymer material, is used in a wide range of fields, including construction, textiles, papermaking, and chemicals. Among the many PVA specifications, mesh size, or particle fineness, is a key factor in determining processing efficiency and final product quality.

1. Mesh Size Basics: A Measurement of Particle Size

Mesh size is a unit of measurement for powder particle fineness. It refers to the number of holes in a sieve per inch. The smaller the mesh size, the larger (coarser) the particles.

• Mesh size and dissolution rate: The dissolution process of a powder begins with the wetting and penetration of the particle surface by water molecules. The finer the particle size (the larger the mesh size), the greater its specific surface area. A larger specific surface area means that water molecules can contact more PVA molecular chains, significantly accelerating wetting, swelling, and disentanglement, ultimately increasing dissolution rate.
• Mesh size and dispersion uniformity: Fine particles are more easily dispersed in liquid or solid mixtures. When coarse particles (such as 20 mesh) are added to water, they are more likely to settle or clump due to density differences, forming "fish eyes" that are difficult to dissolve.
• Mesh Size and Dust Density: The finer the particle size, the lower the critical velocity at which it becomes suspended in air, resulting in higher dust levels. 20 mesh PVA produces low dust, while 200 mesh PVA requires strict dust control measures.

2. Introduction and Application of PVA Specifications of Different Mesh Sizes

Mesh Size	20 mesh(Polyvinyl Alcohol 0588)	120 mesh (PVA 088-05S)	200 mesh (POVAL 22-88 S2)
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Bulk Density	Relatively high	Medium	Relatively low (fluffy powder)
Key Features	The largest particles have the lowest surface area. This dissolution process is the slowest, but dust generation during operation is minimal; it is also known as a "low-dust" or "dust-free" grade.	This medium-sized particle size is the most commonly used grade in industry. It strikes a good balance between dissolution efficiency, ease of operation, and cost.	The extremely fine particles and maximum surface area ensure the fastest dissolution and the best dispersibility.
Applications	Dry-mix mortar for construction: Coarse-grained PVA, as a binder, is less likely to form high-viscosity clumps during initial mixing, allowing for better dispersion in other components (such as cement and sand). It also produces minimal dust, improving the on-site construction environment.   Specialized slow-release adhesives: In certain specialized construction mortars or adhesives, PVA needs to dissolve slowly to provide lasting adhesion.   Preventing rapid thickening: Suitable for formulations that require prolonged mixing and where rapid thickening of the solution is undesirable.	Conventional adhesives: Used in the manufacture of common water-based adhesives such as wood glue and paper glue.   Textile sizing agents: Prepare sizings at standard temperatures and times to meet the sizing requirements of most textiles.   Emulsion polymerization protective colloids: Serves as stabilizers and protective colloids in the polymerization of emulsions (such as VAE and acrylic emulsions). They provide a sufficiently rapid dissolution rate without excessively increasing system viscosity, ensuring stability and particle size distribution during emulsion polymerization.	High-end water-based coatings: Suitable for high-end paints and putty powders that require extremely high dispersibility and a minimum of residual particles.   Fast Preparation/Low-Temperature Dissolution: Fine powder ensures rapid and thorough dissolution of PVA at low temperatures or under limited stirring capacity.   Water-Soluble Film: Used in the production of water-soluble packaging films requiring high transparency and good solubility, such as laundry bags and pesticide packaging.   Pharmaceutical/Cosmetic Excipients: Used in certain fine chemical applications requiring high precision.

3. How to Make the Best Choice?

Choosing the right mesh size for PVA is essentially a trade-off between production efficiency, environmental safety, and product performance:

For those seeking dissolution speed and product fineness (e.g., coatings and films): 200 mesh is preferred.

For those seeking versatility, balanced performance, and moderate cost (e.g., conventional adhesives): 120 mesh is preferred(PVA 088-50S).

For those emphasizing operational safety, low dust generation (e.g., large-volume batching), or specific sustained-release requirements: 20 mesh is preferred(Poval 217).

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is an essential polymer material in numerous applications, including dry-mix mortar, adhesives, and textile sizing. When selecting PVA products, users often focus on their degree of polymerization, alcoholysis degree, and mesh size to ensure core properties such as solubility, viscosity, and bond strength. However, dust content is a crucial, often overlooked indicator that directly impacts production safety, operator health, and material loss. The mesh size of PVA (e.g., 20, 120, 200 mesh) determines its particle size, and particle size is the primary factor determining dust content.

 1.Why does PVA generate dust?

The dust content of PVA powder is primarily affected by its particle fineness (mesh size) and morphology:

Finer particles generate higher dust content. Products with larger mesh sizes (e.g., 200 mesh) have a higher proportion of fine particles and a greater ability to remain suspended in air, resulting in greater dust generation. Static electricity: Dry PVA powder is prone to static electricity during friction and conveying, which can exacerbate the suspension and dispersion of fine particles.

2. Definition and Significance of Dust Content

"Dust content" refers to the degree of fine dust suspended in the air during the handling of powder products due to their extremely fine particles. These fine particles (typically less than 10 μm or even 5 μm) not only cause material loss but, more importantly, impact operational safety, environmental cleanliness, and worker health.

Dust analysis of PVA products with different mesh sizes:

Mesh Size	20 mesh (PVA 088-05)	120 mesh (PVA 088-50S)	200 mesh (PVA-217S)
Particle Size Range	Approximately 800-900 μm	Approximately 100-150 μm	Approximately 50-80 μm
Particle Surface Area	Very Low Moderate	Moderate	Very High
Dust Level (Relative)	Low	Medium-Low	High
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Aerodynamic Characteristics	Heavy particles with high inertia settle easily and are difficult to suspend.	120 mesh (CCP BP-24S) settle quickly, but will still fly at the moment of feeding.	Light particles are easily carried by air currents and remain suspended for a long time, forming a dust cloud.
Occupational Health Risks	Lowest risk. Dust is mostly non-inhalable and has minimal respiratory irritation.	Risk is manageable. General local exhaust ventilation and protective equipment are required.	Highest risk. Fine dust poses a high risk of lung entry and requires strict protection.
Dust Explosion Risk	Large particle size makes dust cloud formation difficult, resulting in a low risk.	Possesses some potential for dust cloud formation, resulting in a medium risk.	Dust cloud density easily reaches the lower explosion limit, resulting in the highest risk.
Production and feeding requirements	General ventilation is sufficient.	Local exhaust or dust hoods are required.	Efficient, enclosed feeding and specialized dust collection systems are essential.
Cost Factors	No additional dust suppression treatment is required.	Anti-caking agents (or granulation) may be required to reduce dust.	High costs must be invested in crushing, fine grading, and safety protection systems.
Properly controlling PVA dust levels is not only a safety requirement but also directly impacts production efficiency and product quality: Excessive dust concentrations can cause material loss and metering errors; Suspended particles entering the reaction system can lead to unstable emulsion polymerization or uneven film thickness; Dust deposition can accelerate equipment wear and affect long-term operational reliability.

Regardless of mesh size, all PVA powder handling practices should adhere to the following basic principles:

Avoid vigorous handling: Pour the material into the container slowly and steadily, avoiding pouring from a height to minimize interparticle friction and air turbulence. This is the simplest and most effective way to reduce dust generation.

Maintain ventilation in the work area: Local exhaust or exhaust systems must be installed near all feed ports and mixing equipment to capture generated dust at the source.

Adhere to chemical management practices: Although PVA has low toxicity, the storage, handling, and emergency response instructions in the Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) should still be reviewed and followed.

Environmental cleanliness: Regularly clean accumulated dust from equipment and floors with an industrial vacuum cleaner. Never use compressed air to blow dust, as this will re-inflate accumulated dust, increasing the risk of explosion and inhalation.

3. Conclusion

In the production and use of PVA powder, dust management is the intersection of process control and safety assurance. Different mesh sizes require appropriate feeding methods and protective measures. Especially for fine powders above 120 mesh (CCP BP-20S), engineering approaches to dust control should be prioritized, rather than relying solely on personal protection. Through scientific particle size selection, process design, and environmental control, PVA product performance and production stability can be maximized while ensuring safety.

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Membrane materials technology plays a key role in environmental protection, energy, biomedicine, and other fields. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has become a key target of membrane material research due to its excellent water solubility, film-forming properties, and biocompatibility. However, due to the high concentration of hydroxyl groups in its molecular chains, PVA easily swells or dissolves in high-humidity environments, affecting its stability in complex applications. To overcome these limitations, research on Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol has intensified in recent years. Through chemical cross-linking, blending, and inorganic filler incorporation, the water resistance, mechanical properties, and chemical stability of Polyvinyl alcohol film (PVA film) have been significantly improved. Modified PVA membranes have found widespread application in water treatment, fuel cells, gas separation, and other fields. The rise of green and environmentally friendly modification technologies has given PVA membranes greater potential for biodegradable and environmentally friendly applications. By optimizing production processes and expanding functional modification strategies, PVA membranes will play a more significant role in the field of high-performance membrane materials.

1. Polyvinyl Alcohol Modification Methods

1.1 Chemical Crosslinking

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a highly polar polymer. Due to the large number of hydroxyl groups on its backbone, it easily forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules, causing it to swell or even dissolve in humid environments. This significantly limits its stability in certain applications. Chemical crosslinking is an effective method. By introducing crosslinks between PVA molecular chains, a stable three-dimensional network is formed, thereby reducing its water solubility and improving its water resistance and thermal stability. Crosslinking typically involves introducing covalent bonds between PVA molecules, making the polymer chains less dispersible in water. Common crosslinking agents include aldehydes (such as glutaraldehyde), epoxides (such as epichlorohydrin), and polyacids (such as citric acid and maleic anhydride). Different crosslinking agents affect the crosslinking pattern and the properties of the modified polymer. For instance, when glutaraldehyde meets PVA's hydroxyl groups in an acidic environment, they create a solid crosslinked structure. Also, maleic anhydride can link PVA sections by esterification, which really helps PVA resist water. Because these cross-linked PVA films have stronger links between molecules, they can handle more heat, as seen by their higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Td).

1.2 Blending Modification

Blending modification is another important method for improving PVA film performance. By blending with other polymers, PVA's mechanical properties, water resistance, and chemical stability can be optimized. Due to PVA's inherently hydrophilic nature, direct blending with hydrophobic polymers may present compatibility issues. Therefore, it is important to select appropriate blending materials and optimize the blending process. For example, when blended with polyvinyl butyral (PVB), PVB's hydrophobicity enables PVA films to maintain good morphological stability even in high humidity environments. Furthermore, PVB's high glass transition temperature improves the heat resistance of the blended films. Blending with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) significantly enhances the hydrophobicity of PVA films. Furthermore, PVDF's excellent chemical resistance allows the blended films to remain stable even in complex chemical environments. PVA can also be blended with polyethersulfone (PES) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to enhance the membrane's selective permeability, making it more widely applicable in gas separation and water purification membranes.

2. Application of PVA Modified Membranes in High-Performance Membrane Materials

2.1 Water Treatment Membranes

The development of water treatment membrane technology is crucial for addressing water resource shortages and improving water quality and safety. PVA membranes work really well as films and get along with living tissue, so they could be used in all sorts of membrane separation stuff like ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. But, because PVA loves water and dissolves in it, it can break down over time. This makes the membrane weaker and not last as long. That's why changing up PVA membranes has become a big focus in water treatment research. Chemical crosslinking is a key technology for improving the water resistance of PVA membranes. Crosslinking agents (such as glutaraldehyde and maleic anhydride) form stable chemical bonds between PVA molecular chains, maintaining the membrane's stable morphology in aqueous environments and extending its service life. In addition, the introduction of inorganic fillers is also an important means of improving the hydrolysis resistance and mechanical strength of PVA membranes. Adding nano-silica (SiO₂) and nano-alumina (Al₂O₃) can create a strong mix in the membrane material. This makes the membrane better at resisting breakdown from water and boosts its strength. So, it keeps working well even with high pressure. Also, mixing PVA with other polymers like polyethersulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) makes the membrane more water-resistant and less prone to fouling. This means it lasts longer and maintains its flow rate, even with dirt buildup.

2.2 Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells

Fuel cells are clean and efficient energy conversion devices, and proton exchange membranes, as their core component, determine their performance and lifespan. PVA, due to its excellent film-forming properties and processability, is a promising candidate for proton exchange membranes. However, its low proton conductivity in its raw state makes it difficult to meet the high-efficiency requirements of fuel cells, necessitating modification to increase proton conductivity. Sulfonation modification is one of the key methods for improving the proton conductivity of PVA membranes. To boost how well membranes absorb water and help protons move better, we add sulfonic acid to the PVA chain. This makes continuous water channels. Mixing it up can also do the trick. If you mix PVA with SPS and SPEEK, they form a network that helps exchange protons and makes the membrane stronger. But, using PVA membranes in DMFCs has its problems. Methanol can leak through, wasting fuel and making things worse. To fix this, scientists have added things such as sulfonated silica and zirconia nanoparticles to PVA membranes. They also use layers to block methanol from passing through the membrane and reduce leakage.

3. Development Trends and Challenges

3.1 Development of Green and Environmentally Friendly Modification Technologies

With increasingly stringent environmental regulations and the growing adoption of sustainable development concepts, green and environmentally friendly modification technologies for PVA films have become a key research focus. Research on biodegradable PVA films has made significant progress in recent years. By blending with natural polymers (such as chitosan, starch, and cellulose) or introducing biodegradable nanofillers (such as hydroxyapatite and bio-based nanocellulose), the biodegradability of PVA films can be significantly improved, making them more easily decomposed in the natural environment and reducing pollution to the ecosystem. Furthermore, to reduce the environmental and human impact of toxic chemicals used in traditional cross-linking modification processes, researchers have begun developing non-toxic cross-linking agents and more environmentally friendly modification processes. These include chemical cross-linking using natural cross-linkers such as citric acid and chitosan, and physical modification methods such as ultraviolet light and plasma treatment, achieving pollution-free cross-linking. These green modification technologies not only enhance the environmental friendliness of PVA films but also enhance their application value in food packaging, biomedicine, and other fields, making them a key direction for the future development of polymer membrane materials.

3.2 Challenges and Solutions for Industrial Application

Although modified PVA films hold broad application prospects in the field of high-performance membrane materials, they still face numerous challenges in their industrialization. High production costs are a major bottleneck, particularly for PVA films involving nanofillers or special modifications. Expensive raw materials and complex preparation processes limit large-scale production. Process optimization still requires improvement. Currently, some modification methods suffer from high energy consumption and long production cycles, hindering the economic viability and feasibility of industrial production. To address these issues, future efforts will focus on developing low-cost, efficient preparation processes, such as adopting environmentally friendly aqueous synthesis techniques to improve production efficiency, while optimizing the blending system to enhance the performance stability of PVA films. Furthermore, future development directions for high-performance PVA films will focus on improving durability, reducing production energy consumption, and expanding intelligent functionality. For example, developing intelligent PVA films that can respond to external stimuli (such as temperature and pH changes) to meet a wider range of industrial and biomedical needs.

4. Conclusion

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), as a high-performance polymer, holds broad application prospects in the membrane material field. PVA films can be made stronger and more resistant to the elements by using methods like chemical cross-linking, co-modification, and adding inorganic fillers. This makes them suitable for things like water treatment and fuel cells. Also, new green modification tech has made PVA films break down easier and be less toxic. This means they could be big in environmental protection and medical uses. In the future, industrial applications will still face challenges in production costs and process optimization. Further improvements in the economic efficiency and feasibility of modification technologies are needed to promote the widespread application of PVA films in the field of high-performance membrane materials and provide higher-quality membrane material solutions for sustainable development.

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Film-forming agents are important adjuvants in pesticide seed coatings and are key functional ingredients in seed coatings. The inclusion of film-forming agents allows seed coatings to form a film on the seed surface, distinguishing them from other formulations such as dry powders, dispersible powders, liquids, and emulsions. The primary function of the film-forming agent in seed coatings is to adhere the active ingredient to the seed surface and form a uniform, smooth film. Film-forming agents need to be water-resistant to hold up in wet conditions like rice paddies, but they also need to let some water through so seeds can grow. It’s also good if they can soak up a bit of water from the soil, which helps seeds grow when it’s dry. Most polymers are good at one of these things, but not all. For example, it's hard to find something that’s both waterproof and lets water pass through. Right now, seed coatings often use just one polymer, so it’s tough to get all these properties at once. This is a main problem for making better seed coatings for rice fields.

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), with its excellent film-forming, swelling, and water permeability, is currently the most widely used film-forming agent in seed coatings. However, its poor water resistance makes it susceptible to water erosion after seed coating, making it unsuitable for use alone in paddy fields or in high-humidity areas. VAE Emulsion (Vinyl Acetate–ethylene Copolymer Emulsion) exhibits strong water resistance, but VAE films only swell in water, not dissolve, and are impermeable to water. Clearly, VAE alone is also unsuitable as a seed coating agent. To address these issues, we used a solution blending method to prepare a series of blended films using PVA and VAE in varying ratios, hoping to improve the water resistance of Polyvinyl alcohol film (PVA film).

1. Microscopic Observation of the Blend System

Figure 3-a shows that the PVA colloidal particles exhibit distinct micellar behavior, while the VAE colloidal particles exhibit relatively regular spherical shapes with particle sizes ranging from 700 to 900 nm and unclear outlines (Figure 3-b), consistent with literature reports. After blending, the outlines of the PVA and VAE colloidal particles clearly exhibit a core-shell structure (Figure 3-c), indicating that hydrogen bonding within the blend system alters the electron density around the particles. Furthermore, the particles of each phase are evenly distributed within the blend system, with no apparent interface formation, indicating good compatibility.

2. Water Resistance and Permeability of the Blend System

The test results for the water permeability of the blend system are listed in Table 1. After the addition of PVA, the water permeability of VAE was significantly improved. The water permeabilities of vp10, vp20, vp30, and vp40 were ideal, meeting the requirements of seed germination and generally consistent with the results of the seed germination test. When we looked at how long it took for water to pass through, we found that as the VAE content went up, it took longer for water to start permeating: 0.2 hours (vp0), 0.25 hours (vp10), 0.5 hours (vp20), 0.75 hours (vp30), 1.2 hours (vp40), 2.5 hours (vp50), and over 6 hours (vp60-100). Except for vp0, all groups lasted the whole 24 hours without dissolving, which shows that adding VAE really made the material more water-resistant. The national standards GB 11175-89 and GB 15330-94 test water resistance and permeability by checking how much the film swells. These tests cannot fully capture the water permeation, water erosion, and subsequent dissolution of seed coating films used in this test. Visual assessment of these indicators is also difficult to accurately determine. The "L-shaped glass tube method" proposed in this paper measures the water permeability and water resistance of latex films. In principle, this method directly measures water permeation, water dissolution, and water solubility. Precise measuring instruments such as automatic samplers and pipettes are used for indicator control. Visual assessment of the "water permeation and dissolution" indicators and time measurements are easily determined. The experimental procedure is simple and can accurately reflect the actual performance of the membrane.

3. Effect of Modified Films on Seed Germination

Rice seed germination tests (see Table 2) showed that blend films with less than 30% VAE didn't really change how well the seeds sprouted, so they should work fine for coating seeds. But, if the VAE is over 70%, the seeds didn't sprout well at all. None of the other samples sprouted well enough after 7 days to meet the standard.

Structural characterization of the blend films revealed good intermolecular compatibility between PVA and VAE after solution blending. The micelles in the PVA solution were opened, and no interface between the two phases was observed, demonstrating the feasibility of using VAE to modify PVA. The performance of PVA/VAE blend films at mass ratios of 80:20 and 70:30 was suitable for rice seed coating applications. Compared with PVA films alone, the introduction of VAE significantly improved the water resistance of the blend films, maintaining suitable water permeability and having no significant effect on seed germination. The method of modifying PVA blends with VAE emulsion is feasible for application in the film-forming agent field of pesticide seed coating agents.

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a popular water-loving polymer membrane material. It has great use in food packaging, pervaporation, and wastewater treatment because it is chemically stable, resists acids and bases, forms films easily, and is safe to use. Its many hydroxyl groups give it good water-loving and antifouling traits. Still, these same groups cause two main problems: it's not very strong and doesn't hold up well in water. This means it can swell or even dissolve in water, which limits where it can be used. 

To address these problems, scientists have tried changing PVA membranes by mixing it with other materials, forming nanocomposites, heating it, chemically crosslinking it, or using a mix of these ways .

1. Physical Modification: Boosting Function and Strength

Physical modification methods, like blending and nanocomposites, are popular because they are simple and easy to scale up for industrial production.

1.1 Blending Modification

Combining things to change PVA films involves mixing materials that work well and mix well with PVA to create the films. Chitosan (CS), for instance, is often used. The best part is that it gives PVA films good germ-killing abilities, greatly stopping or even killing Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This helps Polyvinyl alcohol film (PVA film) be used in things like hemostatic dressings. However, the addition of blending materials can sometimes weaken the original mechanical properties of the PVA film, making the balance between functionality and mechanical strength a key challenge in this approach.

1.2 Nanocomposite Modification

Nanocomposite modification utilizes the unique surface-interfacial effects of nanosized fillers (such as nanosheets, nanorods, and nanotubes) to influence the internal structure of PVA films at the molecular level. Even with a small amount of filler, it can significantly improve the mechanical strength and water resistance of PVA films, while also expanding their electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and antimicrobial properties.

• Biopolymer nanomaterials: The addition of nanocellulose (CNC/CNF) and nanolignin (LNA) can improve the mechanical properties of PVA films because they are biocompatible and have good mechanical properties. It has been shown that intermolecular hydrogen bonding between these materials increases the tensile strength and flexibility of PVA films. Nanolignin, especially, does a great job at making PVA films stronger and more resistant to tearing. It also makes them better at blocking water vapor and UV light, which makes them more useful in food packaging.
• Carbon-based nanomaterials: Graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess exceptionally high mechanical strength and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. GO can form multiple hydrogen bonds with PVA, enhancing both the film's mechanical strength and water resistance. For instance, adding bovine serum albumin to SiO₂ nanoparticles (creating SiO2@BSA) can more than double the tensile strength and elastic modulus of PVA films compared to using pure PVA films. Silicon-based nanomaterials: Silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) and montmorillonite (MMT) can effectively enhance the mechanical properties and thermal stability of PVA films. For example, SiO₂ NPs modified with bovine serum albumin (SiO2@BSA) can increase the tensile strength and elastic modulus of PVA films to more than double that of pure films.
• Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) impart excellent electrical conductivity and antibacterial properties to PVA films; titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of PVA films by reacting with hydroxyl groups on PVA molecular chains, showing great potential for wastewater treatment.

2. Chemical and Thermodynamic Approaches: Building a Stable Structure

2.1 Chemical Crosslinking Modification

Chemical crosslinking modification utilizes the numerous hydroxyl groups on PVA side chains to react with crosslinkers (such as dibasic/polybasic acids or anhydrides) to form a stable chemical bond (ester bond) crosslinking network between polymer chains. This method can more consistently improve the mechanical properties and water resistance of PVA film, significantly reducing its solubility in water and water swelling. For example, using glutaric acid as a crosslinker can simultaneously improve the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVA film.

2.2 Heat Treatment Modification

Heat treatment controls the movement of PVA molecular chains by adjusting temperature and time, optimizing the internal structure and increasing crystallinity.

• Annealing: Performed above the glass transition temperature, it increases the crystallinity of the PVA film, thereby enhancing its mechanical strength and water resistance.
• Freeze-thaw cycling: Crystal nuclei are formed at low temperatures, and thawing promotes crystal growth. The resulting microcrystals serve as physical crosslinking points for the polymer chains, significantly improving the film's mechanical strength and water resistance. After multiple cycles, the tensile strength of PVA film can reach as high as 250 MPa.

3. Synergistic Modification: Towards a High-Performance Future

A single modification method often fails to fully meet the complex performance requirements of PVA film in practical applications. It's tough to boost both strength and toughness at the same time. So, a key approach is to use two nanofillers or methods that work well together. This helps create PVA films that perform well in all areas. For example, combining chemical crosslinking with nanocomposites is currently one of the most promising strategies. Research has shown that synergistic modification of PVA films using succinic acid (SuA) as a crosslinker and bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers (BCNW) as a reinforcing filler significantly improves tensile strength and water resistance, effectively offsetting the shortcomings of single modification methods.

4. Conclusion and Outlook

Remarkable progress has been made in the modification of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. Through the combined application of various strategies, including physical, chemical, and thermal treatments, the mechanical properties, water resistance, and multifunctionality of PVA films have been greatly enhanced. This has significantly promoted the practical application of modified PVA membranes in fields such as water treatment, food packaging, optoelectronic devices, and fuel cells.

Looking forward, research on modified PVA membranes (such as Modified PVA 728F) will focus on the following aspects:

• Synergistic modification: Further exploring the optimal synergistic effect of chemical crosslinking and nanocomposites to resolve the conflict between permeation flux and selectivity of membrane materials and achieve synergistic optimization of multiple properties.
• Functional Expansion: We plan to keep working on PVA films, giving them new features like self-healing and smart responses, so they can be used in more complicated situations.

By building on PVA's natural advantages and using advanced modification processes, polyvinyl alcohol films are likely to become even more widely used in the field of high-performance polymer materials.

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a water-soluble synthetic polymer, is widely used in textiles, papermaking, construction, coatings, and other fields due to its excellent film-forming, adhesive, emulsifiable, and biodegradable properties. However, standard PVA may have performance limitations (such as water resistance, flexibility, and redispersibility) in certain specific applications. To overcome these challenges, scientists have developed a series of modified PVAs by introducing various functional groups or modifying the polymerization process. Compared to standard PVA, these modified PVA exhibit significant performance advantages in many aspects.

1. Better Water Resistance and Stickiness

The abundance of hydroxyl groups (-OH) in the standard PVA molecular chain makes it extremely hydrophilic. However, this also means that it is prone to swelling and even dissolution in hot and humid environments, resulting in reduced bond strength. Modified PVA, by introducing hydrophobic functional groups (such as acetyl and siloxane groups) or through crosslinking reactions (such as boric acid crosslinking and aldehyde crosslinking), can effectively reduce its swelling in water, significantly improving its water resistance.

For example, in dry-mix mortars for construction, modified PVA used in tile adhesives can form a more stable and moisture-resistant bond, ensuring that tiles will not fall off due to moisture erosion during long-term use. These modifications also enhance the cohesion between PVA molecular chains, strengthening its adhesion to various substrates (such as cellulose and inorganic powders), thereby imparting higher cohesive and adhesive strength to the final product.

2. Optimized Redispersibility and Compatibility

Certain applications, such as the production of redispersible polymer powders (RDPs), place stringent requirements on the redispersibility of the polymer. Standard PVA, used as a protective colloid, can easily cause emulsion particles to agglomerate during the spray drying process, affecting the final properties of the RDP.

Modified PVA, such as partially alcoholyzed PVA with a high degree of polymerization, produced through specialized polymerization processes, or PVA containing specific hydrophilic/hydrophobic segments, can more effectively stabilize emulsion systems. The protective layer they form after drying allows for rapid and uniform redispersion upon re-addition of water, even after prolonged storage, restoring the original emulsion state. This optimized redispersibility is crucial for ensuring the workability of products such as dry-mix mortar and putty powder.

Furthermore, the introduction of specific functional groups into modified PVA can improve its compatibility with certain additives (such as cellulose ethers and starch ethers), reducing system interactions and flocculation, thereby achieving synergistic effects within the formulation and achieving more stable and efficient product performance.

3. Broader Application Potential and Customizable Performance

While standard PVA has relatively fixed properties, the customizability of modified PVA opens up a wider range of applications. Through precise chemical modification, PVA can be endowed with a variety of customized properties to meet the stringent requirements of specific industries.

For example, silane-modified PVA can significantly improve its adhesion and alkali resistance in cementitious materials; vinyl acetate-modified PVA offers enhanced flexibility and lower film-forming temperatures; and certain bio-modified PVAs may find new applications in the biomedical field. This ability to be "functionalized" to meet specific needs elevates modified PVA from simply a basic raw material to a high-performance additive capable of solving specific technical challenges.

In summary, while standard PVA remains indispensable in many fields, modified PVA, with its significant advantages in water resistance, adhesive strength, redispersibility, and customizability, has achieved a leap from "general purpose" to "specialized," and from "passive" to "intelligent." Whether pushing the performance limits of traditional applications or pioneering cutting-edge technologies such as biomedicine, environmental engineering, and smart materials, modified PVA (such as PVOH 552) demonstrates immense potential and is undoubtedly a key direction for the future development of polymer materials.

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In the ever-changing construction industry, advances in materials science are crucial for promoting project quality, efficiency, and sustainability. From majestic skyscrapers to cozy homes, every structure relies on advanced building materials. Behind these materials lie hidden "unsung heroes" who play crucial roles at the microscopic level, ultimately determining a building's performance and longevity. Vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion is one such indispensable and innovative material, its unique properties profoundly influencing the development of modern building materials.

1. What is VAE Emulsion?

VAE emulsion is a polymer dispersion composed of a copolymer of vinyl acetate and ethylene. By varying the ratio of these two monomers, the emulsion's properties can be precisely tailored to meet diverse application requirements.

In the construction industry, VAE emulsion is typically converted into a Re-Dispersible Emulsion (RDP Emulsion). This powder remains stable when dry, making it easy to store and transport. When added to water-based systems (such as cement-based mortars and gypsum-based putties), the VAE powder particles quickly absorb water and disperse, reforming into an emulsion. These redispersed emulsion droplets fuse during water evaporation, forming a continuous, elastic polymer film that firmly binds the inorganic particles (such as cement, gypsum, and fillers) in mortar or putty, providing additional performance enhancements.

2. VAE emulsions give building materials "superpowers"

VAE emulsions (such as Vinnapas 400H) play such a crucial role in building materials due to their unique combination of excellent properties, which are highly compatible with cement-based materials:

2.1 Superior Adhesion

This is one of VAE emulsions' most important contributions. While cement-based materials possess a certain degree of adhesion, they often struggle to adhere firmly to smooth, dense, or porous substrates. VAE emulsions can:

• Form a strong bond: During the drying process, the polymer chains of VAE emulsions penetrate the microscopic pores of the substrate and form a continuous, highly adhesive polymer film on the surface of the cement particles.
• Improved Bonding to Various Substrates: VAE-based materials bond well to a variety of building substrates, including concrete, mortar, gypsum board, wood, metal, and insulation boards, greatly expanding their application range.
• Improved Interfacial Strength: The introduction of VAE significantly enhances the bond strength at the material interface, making the connection between the mortar layer and the substrate, between different mortar layers, or between the mortar and finishing materials such as tiles more secure and reliable.

2.2 Enhanced Flexibility & Crack Resistance

An inherent disadvantage of cement-based materials is their brittleness, which makes them prone to cracking when subjected to stress (such as temperature fluctuations, structural settlement, and vibration). VAE emulsions effectively address this issue:

• Introducing Flexibility: The incorporation of ethylene units into VAE copolymers imparts excellent flexibility to the polymer chains, resulting in a certain degree of ductility after drying and forming a film.
• Absorbing Stress: When the substrate undergoes slight deformation or temperature fluctuations that cause expansion and contraction, the flexible film formed by VAE absorbs and distributes these stresses, preventing the formation and propagation of cracks.
• Improved Impact Resistance: The presence of VAE also makes the material less susceptible to shattering upon impact, significantly enhancing its overall toughness.

2.3 Improved Water Resistance & Durability

The continuous polymer film formed by VAE emulsions significantly improves the material's water resistance and overall durability:

• Waterproof Barrier: VAE films act as an effective waterproof barrier, reducing water penetration, protecting structures from moisture erosion, freeze-thaw cycles, and preventing rusting of internal steel reinforcement.
• Chemical Resistance: VAE polymers generally exhibit good resistance to a wide range of chemicals, enabling the material to maintain stable performance in a wider range of environments.
• Extended Service Life: By enhancing adhesion, crack resistance, and water resistance, VAE significantly extends the service life of building materials and reduces ongoing maintenance costs.

2.4 Excellent Film Formation & Cohesion

The ability of VAE emulsions to form a continuous, uniform polymer film during the drying process is the foundation for the aforementioned properties:

• Particle Fusion: As water evaporates, the polymer particles in the VAE emulsion fuse from their dispersed state through forces such as van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding, forming a dense, non-porous, continuous film. Improved.
• Cohesive Strength: The VAE film not only bonds to the external substrate but also acts as an internal "adhesive," holding together inorganic particles like cement and sand. This significantly enhances the cohesive strength of mortar or putty, preventing it from flaking or disintegrating.

2.5 Compatibility with Cementitious Systems

VAE emulsions (especially RDP forms) are specifically designed to work synergistically with inorganic binders such as cement and gypsum.

• Excellent Dispersibility: VAE powder quickly and evenly redisperses in water, forming a stable emulsion.
• No Impact on Setting Time: Generally, the addition of VAE does not significantly shorten or prolong the setting time of cement, making construction operations more convenient.
• Synergy: The flexibility, adhesion, and water resistance provided by VAE complement the high strength and hardness of cement-based materials, creating a high-performance composite material.

2. 6 Environmental Benefits

As people become increasingly concerned about health and the environment, the environmental advantages of VAE emulsions are becoming increasingly prominent:

• Low VOC emissions: VAE emulsions and products made from them typically have very low volatile organic compound (VOC) content. This not only helps improve indoor air quality and reduce harm to the human body, but also complies with increasingly stringent environmental regulations.
• Reduced material loss: VAE's improved material performance and durability mean less material loss and a longer lifespan, reducing resource consumption at the source.

3. Typical Applications of VAE Emulsions

Due to these superior properties, VAE emulsions (and their RDP forms) are widely used in:

• Tile Adhesives: Their excellent bond strength ensures tiles remain in place; their excellent flexibility adapts to the thermal expansion and contraction of the substrate and tiles, preventing hollowing and cracking.
• Self-Leveling Compounds: They significantly improve the adhesion, flexibility, and crack resistance of mortars, ensuring a smooth and durable floor screed. Wall Putties/Skim Coats: Improve the adhesion and crack resistance of putty, making it easier to sand and creating a smooth, even wall surface.
• EIFS: Used to bond insulation boards and facing mortar, providing excellent bond strength, impact resistance, and weather resistance.
• Repair Mortars: Strengthen the bond between the repair material and the existing structure, improving the durability and crack resistance of the repair layer.
• Waterproofing Materials: Used in flexible waterproof coatings or mortars, providing excellent waterproofing performance and crack resistance.

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a long-used additive in textiles and papermaking. It's great because it makes strong films, sticks well, dissolves in water, and is safe for the environment. However, to meet the increasingly stringent demands of modern industry for material performance, processing efficiency, and environmental responsibility, traditional PVA is being replaced by modified PVA. Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol optimizes its structure and functionality through chemical and/or physical means, enabling it to offer unmatched advantages over traditional PVA in two key industries.

1. Textile Industry: A Performance Leap from Sizing to Printing and Dyeing

In textiles, PVA mainly sizes warp yarns. It coats the yarn with a thin layer before weaving, which makes the yarn stronger and less likely to break. This makes weaving easier and improves the quality of the fabric.

• High-Performance and Efficient Warp Sizing

Enhanced Adhesion and Abrasion Resistance: By introducing hydrophilic or hydrophobic groups and performing graft copolymerization, PVA can enhance its affinity with various fibers (such as polyester, cotton, and blends), resulting in a tougher and more abrasion-resistant sizing film. This means that yarn breakage rates are further reduced on high-speed, high-density looms, significantly improving production efficiency.

Better Sizing and Eco-Friendly Solution: Regular PVA needs high heat and strong alkalinity to remove sizing, which wastes energy and makes dirty water. Modified PVA, with its sizing properties, can be taken off fast with less harsh conditions. This cuts washing time, saves energy, and reduces wastewater treatment, fitting well with green textile plans.

Antistatic and Smooth Properties: Modified PVA can really help with static in yarns. They stop static from building up when the yarn rubs together fast during weaving. This keeps the weaving process running smoothly.

• Diverse Applications in Printing, Dyeing, and Finishing

Modified PVA acts as a thickener in printing pastes. It's also a coating and binder for nonwoven materials. This gives textiles special finishes, improving their feel, water resistance, or flame retardancy.

2. Papermaking Industry: A Core Additive for Improving Quality and Functionality

In the papermaking industry, PVA is primarily used for surface sizing and internal sizing/filler retention, playing a decisive role in the printability, strength, and special properties of paper.

• Surface Sizing: Optimizing Printability and Paper Strength

Excellent Film Formation and Ink Resistance: Using special PVA on paper makes a solid, even layer. This stops ink or coatings from soaking in. The result is clearer printing, shinier paper, and a stronger surface. This is particularly important in the production of high-quality coated paper, inkjet paper, and specialty paper. 

Improved Wet/Dry Strength: Adding cross-linking or reactive groups to modified PVA lets it make stronger bonds with pulp fibers. This boosts the paper's strength when it's dry or wet.

• Internal Sizing and Functional Paper Manufacturing

Retention and Drainage Aids: Cationic modified PVA can be used as a retention aid to improve the retention of fine fibers and fillers, saving raw materials and improving paper uniformity.

Specialty Paper: In the manufacture of thermal and pressure-sensitive paper, as well as high-barrier food packaging paper, modified PVA, due to its excellent barrier properties (such as low permeability to oxygen and gases) and good biodegradability, is an irreplaceable choice over other polymer materials.

3. Ongoing Green Commitment

The importance of modified PVA lies not only in its high performance but also in its environmental credentials. PVA's inherent biodegradability and water solubility (depending on the degree of polymerization and modification) make it a "green" alternative to some traditional synthetic polymers (such as acrylics and styrenes). Through precise modification, the industry can achieve higher material recycling rates and a lower environmental footprint while ensuring product performance.

Modified PVA(such as Modified PVA 8048) represents a new era of traditional additives and is a key step in the textile and papermaking industries' transition from "manufacturing" to "smart manufacturing." With increasing demands for sustainable development and product quality, research into functionalizing, compounding, and environmentally friendly PVA modifications is expected to continue in-depth, providing a strong impetus for the future development of these two pillar industries.

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Adhesives are essential for almost every item we use in our daily lives, from furniture and flooring to packaging. Traditional adhesives, such as solvent-based glues and bone glue, have long dominated the market. However, with growing environmental awareness and technological advancements, a new adhesive, VAE Emulsion (Vinyl Acetate–ethylene Copolymer Emulsion), is gradually entering our market.

I. Introduction to VAE Emulsions

Vinyl acetate and ethylene copolymer emulsions typically contain 0-30% vinyl groups. Ethylene acts as an internal plasticizer. A higher vinyl content results in a lower glass transition temperature, a softer resin, and greater flexibility. Ethylene also has low polarity and excellent water resistance. Previously, only polyvinyl acetate emulsions were available, but these had poor water resistance and flexibility, and also exhibited poor adhesion to non-polar or less polar materials such as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. VAE emulsions are used in wood glue, paper packaging adhesives, architectural coatings, mortar modification (e.g., waterproofing), and even plastic film lamination.

2. Advantages of VAE Emulsions in Architectural Coatings

• Low VOC

Low-VOC latex paints using VAE emulsions (such as VAE Emulsion CW 40-600) provide a high-quality interior environment with excellent workability and good color development. In Europe, over 90% of zero-/low-VOC interior wall paints use VAE emulsions.

VAE emulsions are the primary binder used in cigarette adhesives.

Compared to acrylic emulsions, vinyl acetate emulsions contain fewer benzenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, they do not require the addition of coalescing agents. Acrylic emulsions, on the other hand, lack the ability to achieve both film-forming and scrub resistance, necessitating the addition of coalescing agents to ensure a high Tg. Vinyl acetate, on the other hand, is softened by water, eliminating the need for coalescing agents.

• Weatherability

The presence of vinyl monomers in VAE emulsions increases the polymer's hydrophobicity, resulting in excellent water resistance in the resulting coating. This is crucial for outdoor coatings, as it prevents rain from eroding the coating, leading to blistering, cracking, and flaking.

Chalking Resistance: Chalking is the phenomenon of paint decomposing due to aging under the influence of ultraviolet light and oxygen, resulting in the formation of white powder on the surface. VAE emulsions have excellent chalking resistance, which helps the coating maintain its appearance and protective properties over time.

Flexibility and Crack Resistance: VAE emulsion coatings exhibit excellent flexibility, adapting to the expansion and contraction of the substrate due to temperature fluctuations. This effectively prevents cracking caused by stress concentration in the coating, thereby extending the coating's service life.

Adhesion: VAE emulsions (such as VAE Emulsion CW 40-602) exhibit excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates, including common building materials such as cement and bricks. Even in adverse weather conditions, the coating remains firmly attached to the wall and resists peeling.

• Cost Advantages

First, there is no need to purchase expensive solvents, reducing raw material costs. Second, its high solids content means that less material is required for the same bonding effect. More importantly, it reduces environmental remediation costs associated with hazardous emissions and potential safety risks. For businesses, choosing VAE emulsions is not only a positive response to environmental regulations but also a long-term, sustainable economic investment.

• Strong Adhesion

Used in Mortar Mixing: VAE emulsion, when added to mortar, increases strength, improves adhesion to various substrates, enhances wear and impact resistance, improves water absorption and permeability, and improves chemical resistance. This polymer mortar is currently widely used due to its excellent properties.

Characteristics of Mortar Mixed with VAE Emulsion:

When VAE is added to mortar, many properties are improved, as shown in Figure 1. However, the performance of the mortar varies depending on the amount of emulsion added. According to Sumitomo Corporation's research, a P/C (polymer weight/cement weight) ratio of 0.1-0.4 is the optimal ratio for both performance and economics.

Increasing Mortar Strength: The fluidity (flow value) of mortar increases with the amount of emulsion added. This fact demonstrates that by adding emulsion, the amount of water can be reduced, resulting in a denser hardened material, increased strength, and reduced shrinkage and water absorption. Improving Mortar Brittleness: When VAE emulsion is mixed into the mortar, vibration-absorbing polymer particles fill the voids in the cement, improving the mortar's impact resistance.

3. Future Development Trends of VAE Emulsions

• Non-PVA Emulsifier Systems

Using a surfactant system and soap-free polymerization technology eliminates the drawbacks of poor water resistance and large particle size caused by PVA's water resistance.

• Copolymer Systems

Using versatate vinyl carbonate, it leverages its high weathering, water, and alkali resistance.

With the growing global focus on sustainable development and green manufacturing, the environmental and health issues associated with traditional adhesives are facing increasing challenges. As a high-performance, environmentally friendly, and versatile adhesive, VAE emulsions are experiencing rapidly growing market demand. Their applications are not only expanding in traditional wood processing, paper products, and textiles, but are also showing great potential in emerging areas such as automotive interiors, building materials, and battery bonding.

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In the field of thermal interface materials (TIM), long-term reliability is one of the core metrics for evaluating product performance, and the choice of filler directly determines the stable performance of TIM. Among these, aluminum nitride (AlN) filler has become an ideal choice for helping TIM break through reliability bottlenecks, thanks to its outstanding characteristics.

The most prominent advantage of AlN filler lies in its excellent resistance to high-temperature oxidation. During the long-term operation of electronic equipment, TIM often faces the dual challenges of thermal cycling and high-temperature environments. Ordinary fillers are prone to oxidative aging, leading to a degradation in thermal performance. In contrast, aluminum nitride can build a "protective barrier" for the TIM matrix, effectively resisting oxidation reactions under high temperatures and slowing down the material's aging process. This ensures that the TIM maintains stable thermal dissipation capability over long-term use, safeguarding the safe operation of electronic components.

Moreover, AlN filler can significantly optimize the physical properties of TIM. Its addition allows for precise adjustment of the TIM's viscosity and cohesion, fundamentally addressing the "pump-out issue" during thermal cycling. It is important to note that the pump-out effect can easily cause TIM to be squeezed out from the interface gap, leading to poor interfacial contact and a sharp decline in thermal efficiency. TIM enhanced with aluminum nitride, due to its stronger cohesion, firmly "locks" into the interface gap. Even after repeated thermal expansion and contraction, it maintains good interfacial contact, ensuring the long-term effectiveness of thermal dissipation.

About Xiamen Juci Technology Co., Ltd.

Xiamen Juci Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise specializing in high-performance aluminum nitride ceramic materials. We are committed to providing cutting-edge thermal management solutions for the electronics industry, with high-thermal-conductivity aluminum nitride filler powder being one of our flagship products.It is widely used in applications such as high-end chip packaging, 5G communication, new energy vehicles, and power semiconductors.