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Why is polyacrylamide used in mining?

2024-07-11

Polyacrylamide is used in mining because of its versatile properties and applications. Here are some reasons why it is commonly used:

 

1. Flocculant: Polyacrylamide is used as a flocculant in the mining industry. It helps in the separation of solid particles from liquids by causing the particles to clump together and settle faster. This is important in processes such as sedimentation, clarification, and thickening of mining slurries, wastewater treatment, and tailings management.

 

2. Enhanced dewatering: Polyacrylamide is used to enhance the dewatering process in mining operations. It can be added to the slurry to increase the efficiency of water removal, reducing the moisture content of the final product. This is particularly useful in processes like filtration, centrifugation, and pressure or vacuum filtration to improve solid-liquid separation and moisture control.

 

3. Dust suppression: Mining operations generate a significant amount of dust, which poses health and safety risks as well as environmental concerns. Polyacrylamide can be used as a dust suppressant to control airborne dust particles. It can be applied on haul roads, stockpiles, or other areas to prevent the dispersion of fine particles, improving air quality and reducing the risk of respiratory issues.

 

4. Ore flotation: Polyacrylamide is used in the flotation process of mineral extraction. It acts as a selective depressant or dispersant, helping to separate valuable mineral particles from gangue (unwanted minerals). By modifying the surface properties of the particles, polyacrylamide aids in the attachment of collectors to the desired minerals, enhancing their flotation and recovery.

 

5. Rheology modifier: The addition of polyacrylamide can modify the rheological properties of drilling fluids and beneficiation slurries. It can improve the fluidity, viscosity, and stability of these suspensions, enabling better control of drilling operations, ore processing, and transportation.

 

Polyacrylamide is preferred in mining due to its high molecular weight, water solubility, stability, and compatibility with other chemicals commonly used in the industry. However, it is important to consider the environmental impact and ensure proper handling and disposal procedures are followed to mitigate any adverse effects.

Which food additives are nutritious

2024-07-04

Fruit and vegetable juices such as pears, apples, bananas, and potatoes can easily become discolored. Not only is discoloration unsightly, but the flavor is also affected. What to do? You can add some lemon juice. In the food industry, people can just add ascorbic acid based on the mechanism of action of lemon juice. Many of the juices and vegetable juices sold in supermarkets have ascorbic acid added to the wine to maintain its appearance and flavor. 

 Fruits and vegetables contain more or less polyphenolic compounds. After peeling, these compounds are exposed to air to be oxidized, producing quinone (kūn) compounds. These quinone compounds are easily linked to each other and become "brown pigments" that discolor these foods. Lemon juice contains a large amount of "ascorbic acid", which can restore the quinone to its original polyphenol state; it can also be oxidized directly, thus consuming the oxygen around the polyphenols, and thus protecting the polyphenols from the attack of oxygen. In this way, ascorbic acid sacrifices itself to protect the fragile polyphenols, to maintain the "fresh" color of fruits and vegetables. 

The role of  Ascorbic Acid is not limited to this. People often add nitrite in cooked meat products. Nitrite has two functions: one is to react with myoglobin, making it appear attractive red; the second is to inhibit the growth of bacteria, to achieve the function of preservation. The addition of ascorbic acid can promote the former reaction, thus speeding up the process of "color". Many people believe that nitrite is a "carcinogen". In fact, it is not carcinogenic, only when it reacts with the amino acids in the meat to produce nitrosamines is a carcinogen. If ascorbic acid is added to meat, it will inhibit this transformation process, thus reducing the "possible" cancer risk of nitrite. Ascorbic acid is also sometimes added to meat products that do not require nitrites. This is because the oxidation of fats and oils in meat releases a bad taste, often referred to as "harry". If ascorbic acid is added, it will consume the surrounding oxygen before it does, thus protecting the fats from oxidation and helping to keep the meat tasting "fresh".

Fruit and vegetable juices such as pears, apples, bananas, potatoes, etc. are easily discolored. Discoloration is not only unsightly, but also affects the taste. What to do? You can add some lemon juice. In the food industry, people can just add ascorbic acid based on the mechanism of action of lemon juice. Many of the juices and vegetable juices sold in supermarkets have ascorbic acid added to the wine to maintain its appearance and flavor. 

Fruits and vegetables contain more or less polyphenolic compounds. After peeling, these compounds are exposed to air to be oxidized, producing quinone (kūn) compounds. These quinone compounds are easily linked to each other and become "brown pigments" that discolor these foods. Lemon juice contains a large amount of "ascorbic acid", which can restore the quinone to its original polyphenol state; it can also be oxidized directly, thus consuming the oxygen around the polyphenols, and thus protecting the polyphenols from the attack of oxygen. In this way, ascorbic acid sacrifices itself to protect the fragile polyphenols, to maintain the "fresh" color of fruits and vegetables. 

The role of ascorbic acid is not limited to this. People often add nitrite in cooked meat products. Nitrite has two functions: one is to react with myoglobin, making it appear attractive red; the second is to inhibit the growth of bacteria, to achieve the function of preservation. The addition of ascorbic acid can promote the former reaction, thus speeding up the process of "color". Many people believe that nitrite is a "carcinogen". In fact, it is not carcinogenic, only when it reacts with the amino acids in the meat to produce nitrosamines is a carcinogen. If ascorbic acid is added to meat, it will inhibit this transformation process, thus reducing the "possible" cancer risk of nitrite. Ascorbic acid is also sometimes added to meat products that do not require nitrites. This is because the oxidation of fats and oils in meat releases a bad taste, often referred to as "harry". If ascorbic acid is added, it will consume the surrounding oxygen before it does, thus protecting the fat from oxidation and helping to keep the meat tasting "fresh"

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Carrageenan in the food industry

2024-07-04

Carrageenan as a natural food additive for many years, it is a harmless, but can not be digested plant fiber, the use is very wide. Foreign commercial production of carrageenan is from the early 20th century 20 years, China began to food or food-related industries, from 1985 commercial production of carrageenan.

1) coagulant

Carrageenan forms a semi-solid gel-like character. Carrageenan jelly makes a wonderful coagulant, which can be solidified at room temperature after the formation of the gel is semi-solid form, transparent and good, but not easy to collapse. Carrageenan jelly powder can also be supplemented with nutrients, consumption in melt water is very convenient, also for milk, pudding, fruit pudding coagulant in a small, delicate tissue, water drainage, low viscosity, good heat transfer,. When red bean jelly, carrageenan can be added coagulant. Carrageenan coagulant for jellies, canned foods, and can easily bring them extra fruit and nutrients than regular jellies. Carrageenan may also be a coagulant for canned meats.

Coagulants are used in fruit candies, candy transparency, as well as the production of fruit flavor carrageenan transparency, sweetness palatable, refreshing and not sticky in general teeth.Hard candies add carrageenan to the product, smooth and stable increase.

2) Stabilization

      Dry carrageenan powder is very stable, long-term placement will not degrade quickly; carrageenan solution, very stable in weak alkaline or neutral, but will be unstable in acidic conditions, prone to hydrolysis.

Carrageenan can be used as a stabilizer for ice cream, enabling the distribution of fat and other solid ingredients, preventing whey separation and storing ice crystals when added in manufacturing, making ice cream finely organized, well structured and smoothly palatable. Making baby food, milk and soy food requires the addition of carrageenan, which cannot be separated from the stabilization of fats and proteins. Carrageenan as a stabilizer added to coffee or tea extracts can be divided into dry powder or paste form, so that the product can be opened hot water to drink, very convenient. Fruit and yogurt with carrageenan added to unify and stabilize the product to prevent high temperature and acid decomposition, increase pulp suspension and reduce bleeding water.

3) Suspension

      Carrageenan can make juice suspension stabilizer, carrageenan in addition, in the juice, pulp particles evenly suspended in the juice, slow sinking rate, and can improve the taste when drinking. Add cocoa milk carrageenan, carrageenan can react with proteins, so that cocoa powder suspension without sinking.

4) Plasticizer

      Western-style pastry cream, cakes and other large pastry, the surface has many decorative patterns or text, in the decoration, add carrageenan, formed a good pattern, can not be easily deformed or collapsed, does not stick to the wrapping paper. In the addition of carrageenan, the production of cheese products, can form a stable paste, maintain the body shape and prevent bleeding.

5) Clarification

      Carrageenan is a polysaccharide polymer with molecules along the negatively charged, semi-sulfate groups that react with proteins. Carrageenan mixed with proteins commonly used in wine, vinegar, soy sauce, beer production, carrageenan as a clarifying agent, removing the beer clarifier, so that the product is transparent and effective, while improving the hanging capacity of beer and beer foam stability.

6) Thickeners

      Carrageenan forms a high viscosity solution due to its non-branching structure and straight chain polymer electrolyte nature of the macromolecule. Adding carrageenan thickeners to seasonings such as soy sauce, fish sauce, and shrimp paste improves the consistency of the product and adjusts the flavor. Western slice salads are excellent with carrageenan modulations. When the bean salad, you can add thickeners carrageenan, coagulants and stabilizers, dispersion of the product and good taste. 

7) Gluing agent

      Carrageenan can form high viscosity solutions, such as cardboard or canned caviar is coagulated carrageenan gum binder. Carrageenan has a very promising future. 

      Carrageenan, a natural substance, has a strong reaction, can form a unique water-soluble polymer gel and high viscosity solutions, stabilization and other excellent properties such as reaction with proteins. Satisfactory flexibility, transparency and solubility to expand its range of applications, safe and non-toxic properties have been the FAO and the World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), is recognized in the food industry, the chemical industry and biochemistry, medical research and other widely used fields. Therefore, in recent years, the rapid development of carrageenan at home and abroad demand. The unique properties of other resins are irreplaceable, and now the world's total carrageenan production has far exceeded the annual output of agar carrageenan industry's rapid development.

      Carrageenan was the first widely used in Europe and the United States in the world seaweed extract carrageenan gum production, accounting for the second. In recent years, China has been included in the food additives carrageenan catalog. Carrageenan has been included in the FAO and World Health Organization food standard use instructions, a bright future.

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Carrageenan

What Car Parts Should Be Powder Coated?

2024-06-28

Powder coating is a common finishing technique used in the automotive industry due to durability, aesthetic appeal, and resistance to corrosion. It is applied electrostatically as a dry powder and then cured using heat to form a hard, protective coating. Several automotive parts benefit from powder coating treatment, including:

 

Powder coating for car parts1. Wheels: Powder coating is often used to enhance the appearance of wheels and provide protection against chips, scratches, and corrosion.

 

2. Chassis and frames: Powder coating is applied to chassis and frame components to ensure long-lasting protection against rust, chemical exposure, and abrasion.

 

3. Suspension components: Parts such as control arms, coil springs, sway bars, and strut housings can be powder coated for added durability and resistance to wear.

 

4. Engine components: Many engine parts can benefit from powder coating, including valve covers, intake manifolds, engine blocks, and brackets. Powder coating helps protect these components from heat, chemicals, and corrosion.

 

5. Exhaust systems: Powder coating exhaust components not only enhances their appearance but also provides high-temperature resistance, preventing discoloration and corrosion caused by extreme heat.

 

6. Emblems and trim: Powder coating can be used to coat emblems, badges, grilles, and other trim pieces, providing a durable finish and a customized look.

 

7. Interior components: Certain interior parts like roll bars, dashboard trim, door handles, and shift knobs can be powder coated to match the overall aesthetic theme of the vehicle.

 

8. Bumpers and body panels: Powder coating can be used to protect and beautify bumpers, body panels, and other exterior components, guarding against corrosion and damage.

 

9. Suspension and steering linkages: Powder coating these components enhances their appearance while offering rust and corrosion resistance, improving their longevity and performance.

 

10. Brackets and mounts: Powder coating these smaller metal components provides them with a durable finish, protecting against rust and wear.

 

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Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide can be used as an etchant

2024-06-26

Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide is a commonly used etchant, particularly widely used in the manufacturing process of integrated circuits and microelectronic devices. The followings are some applications of Tetramethylammonium hydroxide in etchants:

 

  • Etch silicon: Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide can be used to etch silicon surfaces, especially suitable for preparing micron level silicon device structures. Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide can selectively etch silicon, while for other materials such as silicon nitride or metals, it has a lower etching rate.
  • Etch glass: Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide  can be used to etch the surface of glass and is typically used to prepare microfluidic chips or microchannel devices. TMAH can efficiently etch glass materials into desired structural shapes, such as micron level channels, pores, or reaction cavities.
  • Etch Metal: Although Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide has a relatively low etching rate on metals, it can be used to etch metals in certain applications. For example, it can be used to remove oxide layers from metal surfaces for subsequent metal deposition or bonding.

 

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The antibacterial mechanism of Quaternary ammonium salts

2024-06-26

In 1924, D L. Friedell proposed an explanation for the antibacterial activity process of cationic surfactants, which involves the disintegration, modification, and release of nitrogen and phosphorus substances from the cellular structure of basic proteins. It is generally believed that cationic surfactants achieve bactericidal or antibacterial effects through the following steps: firstly, they directly act on proteins to change their nature and disrupt them; Secondly, it inhibits metabolism by interacting with enzymes; The third is the role of cell infiltration and membrane disruption; The fourth is to stimulate glycolytic reactions.

 

The inhibition of microbial activity by cationic surfactants is to prevent their growth, thereby limiting the concentration of microorganisms and avoiding further pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to study the minimum inhibitory concentration at which cationic surfactants can prevent microbial growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varies with different microorganisms or cationic surfactants, and also varies with changes in the usage environment.

 

Kawabata's research suggests that the antibacterial mechanism of quaternary ammonium cationic fungicides is that the fungicide adsorbs onto the surface of negatively charged bacteria, diffuses through the cell wall, binds with the bacterial plasma membrane to rupture, and the bacteria die due to the release of their contents. T. E. Cloete's research indicates that the action of antibacterial agents is to first adsorb onto the surface of bacterial cells, then cross the cell wall or membrane to reach its target site, such as the cell membrane, respiratory system, enzymes, and genetic material.

 

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What's the main function of Tetramethyl ammonium chloride in oilfield exploitation?

2024-06-26

Tetramethyl ammonium chloride, TMAC, easily soluble in water and alcohols, belongs to Quaternary ammonium compounds. It has a lot of applications in many fields, the following mainly introduces one of the most important functions of Tetramethyl ammonium chloride in oilfield exploitation.

 

Tetramethylammonium chloride is widely used as a shale inhibitor in oilfield exploitation. The clay content in shale is high. When water-based drilling fluid comes into contact with shale, it can cause clay to expand and disperse, leading to wellbore collapse. Shale swelling and dispersion when encountering water are caused by the dissociation and hydration of exchangeable cations on the surface of shale in water, forming a diffusion double layer with negative charge and generating electrostatic repulsion. Therefore, drilling fluid should have two major functions-preventing or delaying water migration from the wellbore to the wellbore, and increasing the connectivity between mineral particles on the wellbore. Cationic surfactants can produce surface active cations after dissociation in water, which can adsorb on the clay surface, neutralize the negative charge on the clay surface, and inhibit shale expansion and dispersion, thereby stabilizing the wellbore.

 

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What is the molecular structure formula of polyacrylamide?

2024-06-25

The molecular structure formula of polyacrylamide can be represented as:

Conh2[CH2-CH]N

This formula represents the repeating unit in the polymer chain of polyacrylamide. Each unit consists of an acrylamide monomer (CH₂=CHCONH₂) in which the amide group (-CONH-) connects the monomers together to form the polymer chain. The subscript 'n' indicates the number of repeating units in the polymer chain, which can vary depending on the molecular weight and polymerization process.

Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer composed of repeating units of acrylamide monomers. The molecular structure of polyacrylamide can be represented as:

[-CH₂─CH(CONH₂)-]n

In this structure, the brackets encompass the repeating unit, and "n" represents the number of repeating units in the polymer chain. Each repeating unit consists of three main parts:

 

1. A backbone chain: The backbone chain is formed by a series of carbon atoms linked together. In polyacrylamide, the backbone is composed of a long chain of carbon atoms represented by "-CH₂─" (where "-CH₂-" indicates a methylene group) and has a linear structure.

 

2. Functional groups: The functional groups to the backbone are what give polyacrylamide its desired properties. In the case of polyacrylamide, the functional group is the acrylamide group, represented by "-CH(CONH₂)-". The acrylamide group contains a carbonyl group (C=O) and an amide group (-NH₂) attached to the backbone carbon chain.

 

3. Terminating groups: The polymer chain is terminated by additional chemical groups to maintain stability and prevent further polymerization. However, these groups may vary depending on the specific synthetic method or desired properties of the polyacrylamide.

 

It's worth noting that polyacrylamide can exist in different forms, such as linear or cross-linked structures, depending on the polymerization process and the presence of cross-linking agents. The molecular structure described above represents the basic repeating unit in the linear form of polyacrylamide.

 

Stevia The Healthiest Alternative to Sugar

2024-06-14

Sugar is a major concern in modern diets due to its negative health impacts. Stevia, a natural sweetener from the Stevia rebaudiana plant, is considered the healthiest alternative to sugar for several reasons.

 

Benefits of Stevia:

Zero Calories: Stevia contains no calories, making it ideal for weight management.

No Glycemic Impact: It has a glycemic index of zero, suitable for those managing diabetes.

Health Benefits: Stevia has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, potentially protecting against chronic diseases and improving oral and skin health.

Versatility: Available in extracts, liquid drops, and powders, stevia can sweeten beverages, baked goods, and other recipes.

Safety: Approved by regulatory agencies like the FDA, stevia is generally considered safe for consumption.

Stevia offers a naturally sweet taste without the drawbacks of sugar, making it a perfect substitute for healthier food choices.

 

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Is nisin A probiotic?

2024-06-14

Nisin is not considered a probiotic. It is a naturalicrobial peptide that is by certain strains of lactic acid bacteria, specifically Lactococcus lactis. Nisin has been widely used as a food preservative due its ability to inhibit the growth of various bacteria, including some pathogenic species. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria by targeting cell walls and disrupting their integrity.

While nisin has antimicrobial properties, it differs from probiotics in terms of functionality. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. They primarily consist of beneficial strains of bacteria or yeast that support a healthy gut microbiota and contribute to various aspects of human health.

Although nisin is not considered a probiotic, it has been investigated for other potential applications, such as in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections and as a natural antimicrobial agent in various industries. However, further research is needed to evaluate its full range of potential benefits and uses.

 

 

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